远期操作员的计算成本和选择适当的先前分布的计算成本挑战了贝叶斯对高维逆问题的推断。摊销的变异推理解决了这些挑战，在这些挑战中，训练神经网络以近似于现有模型和数据对的后验分布。如果以前看不见的数据和正态分布的潜在样品作为输入，则预处理的深神经网络（在我们的情况下是有条件的正常化流量）几乎没有成本的后验样品。然而，这种方法的准确性取决于高保真训练数据的可用性，由于地球的异质结构，由于地球物理逆问题很少存在。此外，准确的摊销变异推断需要从训练数据分布中汲取观察到的数据。因此，我们建议通过基于物理学的校正对有条件的归一化流量分布来提高摊销变异推断的弹性。为了实现这一目标，我们不是标准的高斯潜在分布，我们通过具有未知平均值和对角线协方差的高斯分布来对潜在分布进行参数化。然后，通过最小化校正后分布和真实后验分布之间的kullback-leibler差异来估算这些未知数量。尽管通用和适用于其他反问题，但通过地震成像示例，我们表明我们的校正步骤可提高摊销变异推理的鲁棒性，以相对于源实验数量的变化，噪声方差以及先前分布的变化。这种方法提供了伪像有限的地震图像，并评估其不确定性，其成本大致与五个反度迁移相同。

语音编码有助于以最小的失真方式传播语音在低频带宽度网络上的传播。基于神经网络的语音编解码器最近表现出与传统方法相对于传统方法的显着改善。尽管这一新一代的编解码器能够综合高保真语音，但它们对经常性或卷积层的使用通常会限制其有效的接受场，从而阻止他们有效地压缩语音。我们建议通过使用经过预定的变压器进一步降低神经语音编解码器的比特率，该变压器能够由于其电感偏置而在输入信号中利用长距离依赖性。因此，我们与卷积编码器同时使用了经过验证的变压器，该卷积编码器是通过量化器和生成的对抗性净解码器进行训练的端到端。我们的数值实验表明，补充神经语音编解码器的卷积编码器，用变压器语音嵌入嵌入的语音编解码器，比特率为$ 600 \，\ m athrm {bps} $，在合成的语音质量中均超过原始的神经言语编解码器，当相同的比特率。主观的人类评估表明，所得编解码器的质量比运行率的三到四倍的传统编解码器的质量可比或更好。

我们建议使用贝叶斯推理和深度神经网络的技术，将地震成像中的不确定性转化为图像上执行的任务的不确定性，例如地平线跟踪。地震成像是由于带宽和孔径限制，这是一个不良的逆问题，由于噪声和线性化误差的存在而受到阻碍。但是，许多正规化方法，例如变形域的稀疏性促进，已设计为处理这些错误的不利影响，但是，这些方法具有偏向解决方案的风险，并且不提供有关图像空间中不确定性的信息以及如何提供信息。不确定性会影响图像上的某些任务。提出了一种系统的方法，以将由于数据中的噪声引起的不确定性转化为图像中自动跟踪视野的置信区间。不确定性的特征是卷积神经网络（CNN）并评估这些不确定性，样品是从CNN权重的后验分布中得出的，用于参数化图像。与传统先验相比，文献中认为，这些CNN引入了灵活的感应偏见，这非常适合各种问题。随机梯度Langevin动力学的方法用于从后验分布中采样。该方法旨在处理大规模的贝叶斯推理问题，即具有地震成像中的计算昂贵的远期操作员。除了提供强大的替代方案外，最大的后验估计值容易过度拟合外，访问这些样品还可以使我们能够在数据中的噪声中转换图像中的不确定性，以便在跟踪的视野上不确定性。例如，它承认图像上的重点标准偏差和自动跟踪视野的置信区间的估计值。

Existing automated techniques for software documentation typically attempt to reason between two main sources of information: code and natural language. However, this reasoning process is often complicated by the lexical gap between more abstract natural language and more structured programming languages. One potential bridge for this gap is the Graphical User Interface (GUI), as GUIs inherently encode salient information about underlying program functionality into rich, pixel-based data representations. This paper offers one of the first comprehensive empirical investigations into the connection between GUIs and functional, natural language descriptions of software. First, we collect, analyze, and open source a large dataset of functional GUI descriptions consisting of 45,998 descriptions for 10,204 screenshots from popular Android applications. The descriptions were obtained from human labelers and underwent several quality control mechanisms. To gain insight into the representational potential of GUIs, we investigate the ability of four Neural Image Captioning models to predict natural language descriptions of varying granularity when provided a screenshot as input. We evaluate these models quantitatively, using common machine translation metrics, and qualitatively through a large-scale user study. Finally, we offer learned lessons and a discussion of the potential shown by multimodal models to enhance future techniques for automated software documentation.

In this paper, we reduce the complexity of approximating the correlation clustering problem from $O(m\times\left( 2+ \alpha (G) \right)+n)$ to $O(m+n)$ for any given value of $\varepsilon$ for a complete signed graph with $n$ vertices and $m$ positive edges where $\alpha(G)$ is the arboricity of the graph. Our approach gives the same output as the original algorithm and makes it possible to implement the algorithm in a full dynamic setting where edge sign flipping and vertex addition/removal are allowed. Constructing this index costs $O(m)$ memory and $O(m\times\alpha(G))$ time. We also studied the structural properties of the non-agreement measure used in the approximation algorithm. The theoretical results are accompanied by a full set of experiments concerning seven real-world graphs. These results shows superiority of our index-based algorithm to the non-index one by a decrease of %34 in time on average.

This paper proposes a novel self-supervised based Cut-and-Paste GAN to perform foreground object segmentation and generate realistic composite images without manual annotations. We accomplish this goal by a simple yet effective self-supervised approach coupled with the U-Net based discriminator. The proposed method extends the ability of the standard discriminators to learn not only the global data representations via classification (real/fake) but also learn semantic and structural information through pseudo labels created using the self-supervised task. The proposed method empowers the generator to create meaningful masks by forcing it to learn informative per-pixel as well as global image feedback from the discriminator. Our experiments demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on the standard benchmark datasets.

Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Finding and localizing the conceptual changes in two scenes in terms of the presence or removal of objects in two images belonging to the same scene at different times in special care applications is of great significance. This is mainly due to the fact that addition or removal of important objects for some environments can be harmful. As a result, there is a need to design a program that locates these differences using machine vision. The most important challenge of this problem is the change in lighting conditions and the presence of shadows in the scene. Therefore, the proposed methods must be resistant to these challenges. In this article, a method based on deep convolutional neural networks using transfer learning is introduced, which is trained with an intelligent data synthesis process. The results of this method are tested and presented on the dataset provided for this purpose. It is shown that the presented method is more efficient than other methods and can be used in a variety of real industrial environments.

Simulation-based falsification is a practical testing method to increase confidence that the system will meet safety requirements. Because full-fidelity simulations can be computationally demanding, we investigate the use of simulators with different levels of fidelity. As a first step, we express the overall safety specification in terms of environmental parameters and structure this safety specification as an optimization problem. We propose a multi-fidelity falsification framework using Bayesian optimization, which is able to determine at which level of fidelity we should conduct a safety evaluation in addition to finding possible instances from the environment that cause the system to fail. This method allows us to automatically switch between inexpensive, inaccurate information from a low-fidelity simulator and expensive, accurate information from a high-fidelity simulator in a cost-effective way. Our experiments on various environments in simulation demonstrate that multi-fidelity Bayesian optimization has falsification performance comparable to single-fidelity Bayesian optimization but with much lower cost.

Ensemble learning combines results from multiple machine learning models in order to provide a better and optimised predictive model with reduced bias, variance and improved predictions. However, in federated learning it is not feasible to apply centralised ensemble learning directly due to privacy concerns. Hence, a mechanism is required to combine results of local models to produce a global model. Most distributed consensus algorithms, such as Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT), do not normally perform well in such applications. This is because, in such methods predictions of some of the peers are disregarded, so a majority of peers can win without even considering other peers' decisions. Additionally, the confidence score of the result of each peer is not normally taken into account, although it is an important feature to consider for ensemble learning. Moreover, the problem of a tie event is often left un-addressed by methods such as BFT. To fill these research gaps, we propose PoSw (Proof of Swarm), a novel distributed consensus algorithm for ensemble learning in a federated setting, which was inspired by particle swarm based algorithms for solving optimisation problems. The proposed algorithm is theoretically proved to always converge in a relatively small number of steps and has mechanisms to resolve tie events while trying to achieve sub-optimum solutions. We experimentally validated the performance of the proposed algorithm using ECG classification as an example application in healthcare, showing that the ensemble learning model outperformed all local models and even the FL-based global model. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed algorithm is the first attempt to make consensus over the output results of distributed models trained using federated learning.